"University institutions and colleges do not address market demand and they don't go with market flow," said Khaled Mahdi, a chemical engineering professor at Kuwait University.
For Russia — which has steadfastly supplied weapons and diplomatic cover to President Bashar al-Assad of Syria — this black-market flow is a case of bitter blowback.
It flies in the face of accepted economic theory, which argues that the benefits of a free market flow from rational decisions made by consumers who, when spending their money (and only their money), understand the risks and rewards of the choices they make.
The rumours helped keep the market flowing.
Still, to get investors to buy those assets — and get a market flowing again — they still need some leverage to bolster potential returns.
"We're revisiting the question of market flows with a deservedly wary eye," said Jared Bernstein, senior economist at the liberal Economic Policy Institute in Washington.
The Fed will commence buying unsecured, short-term debt commerical paper in an effort to get trading in that market flowing again.
Earlier this year, the Fed began buying billions of dollars of Treasury notes and bonds backed by home mortgages in an effort to lower loan rates and get frozen credit markets flowing again.
"We look at where market flows might be going, so we can acknowledge where money is shifting," Mr. Herrmann said by telephone from the headquarters of Franklin Templeton in San Mateo, Calif.
Suzanne Nora Johnson, a rapporteur for several groups of experts looking at the macroeconomic challenge, even argued that an essential ingredient of any solution is ensuring that "nothing can restrain trade, capital-market flows and regulatory arbitrage".
