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At the bottom end of the education market, qualifications reflect only payment at worst, through bribes.
However, increases in observed prices of education and experience worked unfavorably for high-skilled women, counterbalancing their improvement in labor market qualifications.
Decomposition of changes in the gender wage gap shows that China's widened gap was attributable to gender-specific factors such as deteriorated observable and unobservable labor market qualifications and increased discrimination, especially against low- and middle-skilled female workers.
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The others will arrive in the labour market, qualification in hand, feeling that their mostly middle-class parents have something to show for their taxes.It is not all gloom and doom.
Our study suggests that consideration of overall wage structure, unobserved skills, and gender-specific factors such as unobserved labor market qualification and discrimination against women should be included in designing policies to promote gender equity and inclusiveness in labor markets.
Post-secondary education was used as cut-off point, as the absence of labour market qualification increases the risk of unemployment or employment involving manual, physically demanding and/or, unfulfilling labour with low pay.
This is what I believe that Mark Ritson meant when he wrote his recent, controversial Marketing Week column stating that marketers need real marketing qualifications.
Graham Welson-Perkin: "We have welcomed employees from our stores into junior marketing roles, for example, without any previous marketing qualifications.
The CIM/CAM marketing qualifications are well respected, as are the practical courses run by organisations such as e-consultancy.
Emma said: "I have a degree and marketing qualifications and would love to have a job if childcare wasn't so expensive.
Its head of marketing (qualifications), Susan Lawrance says: "They can tailor their assignment to the workplace, which gives their employer value for money".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com