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Using a digital gene expression platform to quantify 175 messenger RNA (mRNA) markers with low coefficients of variation (CV), we first compared whole-blood transcript levels in mouse models (1) overexpressing wild-type (WT) LRRK2, (2) overexpressing G2019S LRRK2, (3) lacking LRRK2 (knockout), and (4) and in WT controls.
The Q-Q plot showed very little deviation from the identity line (Fig. 2c) except for the few markers with low p values, suggesting that our conditions are good enough to detect true associations.
For these markers with low MAF, because of the very large size differences between the two genotypic classes, the tests based on ANOVA had a greater risk of being biased due to variance heterogeneities and of associations being spurious.
Thus observing nearby markers with low P-values by chance should be unlikely [45].
In low LD regions, on the other hand, markers with low MAF likely exhibit locally high levels of LD with nearby markers though the overall LD level across the entire region was low.
To account for markers with low minor allele frequency (MAF) we employed r2 as measure of LD throughout and considered an r2 value of 0 to 0.5 as low, 0.5 to 0.75 as intermediate and >0.75 as strong LD.
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Nevertheless, this study might be the first to evaluate and compare associations of all three glycaemic markers with low-grade albuminuria in a general Chinese population with adjustment for conventional cardiovascular risk factors.
The E-selectin-based approach also allows to capture cells using those surface markers with low-level expression, which is particularly important, given that many tumor cells undergo phenotypic changes in terms of surface marker expression upon EMT and yet such metastatic/post-EMT cells still highly express E-selectin ligands.
Furthermore, the low genetic distance among the species belonging to the Neothunnus subgenus (T. albacares, T. atlanticus, T. tonggol) [9], [11], [12] can easily confound results if the marker with low genetic variability is used.
Besides, they suggest that maspin should be considered an epithelial marker with low specificity, whereas MAM may represent a more specific marker for the detection of isolated tumour cells in peripheral blood or bone marrow samples.
Markers with very low MAF had low R m 2 – – values.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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