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That was because clustering of markers was very stable with the large number of tumors (i.e., excluding a few tumors did not substantially influence results) while tumor classification by clustering analysis based on the 16 markers was not stable.
Moreover, additional procedures for better confounding variable visualization were undertaken by means of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using the EIGENSOFT tool smartpca [43], although number of markers was very low.
In an effort to understand the mechanisms that lead to decreased β-cell surface in the absence of Sei1, we measured apoptosis and proliferation by TUNEL and Ki67 immunohistochemistry, respectively, however the number of positive islet cells for both markers was very low (<1%) and quantifications could not detect significant differences between wt and Sei1-null islets (data not shown).
The development of new markers was very important for construction of the new high-density genetic map.
The percentage of skewed markers was very similar across all six populations, varying from 17.1% in the CIRAD population to 24.8% in the S2 population.
Knockdown of these markers was very effective (>95% reduction in protein expression) in contrast to long-term short hairpin RNA (shRNA) ATG5 knockdown (Supplementary Figure 5a).
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Marker order and recombination rates among markers were very consistent among maps, where significant recombination rate heterogeneities (p < 0.001) were detected between only a few marker pairs (CMN22_85-CMTCN66 in LGIII, CMAGN75-CMGA15 in LG VII, and TJ2-TJ3 in LG VIII).
For its heterogeneity, prognostic markers are very useful for therapeutic choice.
The waypoint markers are very difficult to see in extremes of bright and low light.
SSCP Indel gene-based markers are very specific and can utilize their known positions in the rice genome.
While the mitochondrial markers are very conservative in anthozoans (Shearer et al. 2002), this low level of variation has previously indicated species-level differences in Palythoa species.
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