Although clinicopathological factors, such as the tumour node metastasis (TNM) stage, Fuhrman's nuclear grading, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), or tumour necrosis, can indicate RCC prognosis (Finley et al, 2011), molecular and genetic factors have not notably done so; the clinical significance of biological markers is under evaluation.
Actually, clinicopathological factors, such as the tumour differentiation or the tumour node metastasis (TNM) stage, can indicate lung adenocarcinoma prognosis (Spiro and Silvestri, 2005; Ou and Zell, 2008), whereas molecular and genetic factors have not notably done so; the clinical significance of biological markers is under evaluation.
The clinical importance of biological markers is also under evaluation.
Several serum tumour markers are currently under evaluation, however, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is the only one in regular clinical use for determining prognosis, for surveillance following curative resection and for monitoring therapy in advanced disease [ 1- 4].
Bone-marker-directed therapy is under evaluation in randomised clinical trials and the value of maintenance therapy after 1 to 2 years of treatment may become clear from the ongoing Optimize trial in the United States.
The effects of this combination, and in particular evaluation of the effect on markers of bone resorption, are under evaluation in phase II clinical trials.
Animals from the validation set had their HD genotypes masked, except for the genotypes of markers present on the LD chip under evaluation, thus mimicking a situation in which these animals were genotyped with LD chips.
At the preclinical level, a variety of SPECT tracers are under evaluation for use as markers for (neo)angiogenesis [ 31– 33], hypoxia [ 34– 37], acidosis [ 38– 40], metabolic activity [ 41] and proteolytic activity [ 42, 43].
