Double labeling experiments indicated that inclusions composed of WT TDP-43 co-localized with SG markers under arsenite-induced conditions (Fig. 2A, B and 3B, arrows); TDP-43 inclusions also co-localized with SG markers under basal conditions, but the fraction of cells (<10%) exhibiting TDP-43 inclusions under basal conditions.
The rules defining our ABM were derived from literature and from high-resolution images of autophagy markers under basal and activated conditions.
In Figure 1A we show examples of cells that were either single-stained for LC3 or lysosomal marker (Lyso-ID) or double-stained for these markers under basal and induced conditions.
Upon treatment with CS and GS, both bone phenotypic cell markers were unaffected under basal conditions.
This mitochondrial dysfunction resulted in increased markers of oxidative stress under basal conditions and increased cell death following treatment with the free radical generator paraquat.
Thus, we hypothesized that aged animals, which display molecular markers of ER stress under basal conditions, might be susceptible to further stress resulting from SD.
Measuring the concentration of inflammatory markers in the bloodstream under basal conditions is probably less informative and relatively insensitive compared with measurements of the concentration change in response to a challenge.
All together, these results suggest that the increased autophagic markers in CPTH6-treated cells under basal condition are unlikely due to enhanced autophagic flux, but rather by suppression of late maturation stage.
For ease of culture, transgene expression, and relevance to the airway environment, we selected HBE cells as a well-characterized model of the bronchial epithelium (12) and HELMF cells as a fetal lung-derived mesenchymal cell line with progenitor cell characteristics (constitutive expression of the pluripotency markers, Oct4, Sox2, and NANOG, under basal conditions. See Supplemental Fig. S2).
As previously published by our laboratory, qRT-PCR showed that mouse and human MSCs maintained under basal conditions constitutively express osteoblastic and adipocytic markers - osteopontin (SPP1), integrin-binding sialoprotein II (IBSP) and adipsin, adipoQ, Pparg respectively (Fig. 4E,F) - and the expression of each greatly increased after induction [29].
Our data provided new insights into their contribution to subtle process managing SWS quality and its efficiency rather than SWS quantities, as evidenced by the deleterious impact on two powerful markers of sleep depth, i.e., SWS consolidation/fragmentation and SWA intensity under basal condition and under high sleep pressure.
