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Because AD is sometimes undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, it is extremely important to identify robust and easily measured biological markers for the disease, especially markers that detect early or impending disease.
There is a lack of molecular markers that detect nucleotide polymorphisms among elite breeding lines.
Pattern 4 markers represent markers that detect two loci, most likely from the homeologous chromosomes: one polymorphic and one monomorphic resulting in three possible genotypes (AAAA, AAAB, AABB).
Early markers that detect those who have an increased risk for developing micro- or macroalbuminuria could thus help to reduce the number of patients at renal risk through selective and appropriate treatment of such patients (5, 6).
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Several molecular markers that detected the Ae. speltoides chromatin were associated with the two stem rust resistance genes.
New SSR markers were developed for genetic analysis of peanut, but the percentage of markers that detected polymorphism among accessions of A. hypogaea was low, corroborating the notion that cultivated peanut presents a relatively reduced variation at the DNA level.
SLD markers were defined as markers that detected single segregation bands mapped onto single positions on an integrated map, and not amplified other loci, such as monomorphic loci, whereas MLD markers were defined as markers that amplified more than one locus, including monomorphic loci.
To monitor apoptotic cell death, in the Figure 3B, JT or JTL1-2 cells were stained with Annexin V, an early apoptosis marker that detects the abnormal localization of phosphatidylserine on the cell membrane, and 7-AAD, which enters cells and intercalates into nuclear DNA when the integrity of cell plasma membrane has been damaged in the later stages of apoptosis.
Marker EBI 847 is a Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) marker designed to detect the SNV at position 397 in Additional file 6: Figure S6A, and marker EBI 848 is a sequence length polymorphism (SLP) marker that detects two indels between 1354 bp and 1388 bp (Additional file 6: Figure S6B).
Targeted reverse epi-genetic screening also requires detailed knowledge of the distribution of 5mC in crop genomes using high throughput bisulphite sequencing [ 21], together with locus-specific marker assays that detect epialleles using technologies, such as high resolution melts [ 73].
While CT and MRI scans have improved resolution and sensitivity for detecting bone disease, there is a need for more sensitive biochemical markers that will detect sub-clinical bone disease, [ 13].
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