Second, this is the first study to rely primarily on a bio-marker of postnatal ETS exposure in examining this association, thus reducing recall bias.
As the majority of GFP+ cells in the DT+dox SVZ are not GFAP+, a marker of postnatal semiquiescent stem cells (Doetsch et al, 1999), enhanced GLI1 levels could thus increase the number of actively dividing stem cells.
In an observational study, it is not possible to determine whether associations are causal, and there is continuing debate regarding the possibility that early-life factors, such as breastfeeding duration, are acting as markers of the postnatal environment (35, 36).
Primary outcomes will be continuous and categorical markers of prenatal and postnatal somatic growth.
We explored associations of maternal serum concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS during pregnancy with markers of fetal and postnatal growth in a sample of British girls.
The purpose of this investigation was to explore associations of maternal serum concentrations of PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS during pregnancy with markers of fetal and postnatal growth in girls.
Furthermore, the association was independent of region of birth, a probable marker for postnatal sun exposure correlated with long term residence.
Along with the widespread use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), depression has become the marker for postnatal maladjustment.
Prenatal exposure to ambient ultraviolet radiation during the first trimester was probably not just a marker for postnatal exposure because the association had temporal specificity and was not evident for exposure at the time of birth.
Moreover, wild-type offspring show increased fetal growth and postnatal markers of hepatic insulin resistance, suggesting the occurrence of fetal programming [ 58].
