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After 2 and 5 days in culture, sham and 2CLP cells were fixed with methanol (4°C), washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and incubated overnight (4°C) with primary antibodies for phenotypic markers of alveolar epithelial type II and type I cells (N≥3 rats/marker).
There were numerical increases in some markers of alveolar epithelial inflammation with the combined intervention compared with either intervention alone.
Raised levels of decorin and biglycan in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) have been proposed as potential markers of alveolar bone destruction, during periodontal disease and peri-implantitis (49, 50).
The rationale is to identify and, if necessary, to dose specific markers of alveolar infection (not of bron-chial colonization): either endogenous mediators released locally by alveolar macrophages activated by microbial products or direct products of parenchymal destruction [ 9].
Nevertheless, no difference in the expression of markers of alveolar type II (pro-SP-C) and type I (T1α) cells was observed between conditional knockout and control animals (supplementary material Fig. S2D).
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In healthy human volunteers exposed to high concentrations of oxygen, tracheobronchitis develops after several hours [ 22] and prolonged exposure is associated with decreased vital capacity [ 23], increased dead space, increased production of reactive oxygen species, and biochemical markers of alveolar-capillary leak [ 24].
The fall in EBC pH as a marker of alveolar neutrophilic inflammation was an interesting finding.
Study indicated that RAGE may be useful as a biological marker of alveolar type I cell injury [66].
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that acts as a multi-ligand receptor, has been identified as a marker of alveolar type I cell injury [64].
Our study examines the effects of increased pCO2 on the epithelial Na,K-ATPase a major contributor to alveolar fluid reabsorption which is a marker of alveolar epithelial function.
Decreased genes in "rapid" progressors included Smad6, an inhibitor of TGF-beta Smad-mediated signal transduction, and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products which is a highly selective differentiation marker of alveolar epithelial type I cells [38].
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