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Mitral annular calcification (MAC), aortic annular calcification (AAC), and aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) are associated with aging, and MAC and AVS are markers of advanced atherosclerosis.
Specifically, little is currently known regarding which factors are early insults in NEC pathogenesis and which factors are down-stream markers of advanced disease.
Relative homogeneity of known markers of advanced HIV among study participants, indicated by narrow interquartile ranges (Table 1), likely contributed to the finding that BMI, CD4+ count, and hemoglobin were not significant predictors of mortality.
Additionally, auxiliary information on markers of advanced infection that could potentially impact the FRR to a large degree, including duration of HIV infection, CD4 cell counts, and age should also be collected to determine whether FRR varies significantly by these factors [6].
As expected, markers of advanced disease such as anaemia, low CD4+ cell count and low BMI were associated with an increased risk of death.
In our multivariable model we therefore adjusted for the markers of advanced disease because these might have confounded the relationship between dialysis therapy and foot ulceration.
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In contrast, other markers of advancing AD pathogenesis such as synaptic loss, NFTs, and microglial activation correlate with the course of disease [ 87].
We found a lower BMI to be associated with functional limitation and suggest that this measure represents a marker of advancing frailty, which has been described as a physiologic precursor and etiologic factor in disability, due to its central features of weakness, decreased endurance, and slowed performance[ 41].
Overall, we demonstrated the high potential of genome-wide SNP markers to advance our understanding of mosquito population dynamics which is crucial for improving the control measures against this major disease vector.
Although analyses incorporating markers of advance HIV did not attenuate the effect of OLD on respiratory symptoms, the high background prevalence of smoking and respiratory symptoms in our population may be obscuring any effect of advanced HIV on respiratory illness.
Generally, markers of more advanced maternal disease, such as low CD4 cell counts and high plasma viral loads, are associated with these endpoints [ 9- 11].
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