After 5 days, expression of differentiation markers was induced and quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and flow cytometry.
The degree to which the different markers were induced was determined by normalizing the specific signal to that of actin using ImageJ Freeware (NIH).
The double membrane-bound compartments that bear autophagic markers were induced, but its maturation into autophagolysosomes will be arrested or delayed.
During the transition from tachyzoites to bradyzoites, growth rate is greatly reduced and differentiation-specific markers are induced leading to the establishment of encysted bradyzoites [5].
Even though several endodermal and Organizer markers are induced, we believe that cardiac induction in the AC/AE model occurs directly and not subsequently via signaling sources induced in the responding tissue.
While transcript levels for all of these markers were induced in both Tsc2+/+ and Tsc2−/− MEFs over the course of differentiation, their levels were significantly higher in the Tsc2−/− cells (Figure 1C).
Vinson's group reported on a transgenic model expressing a dominant negative C/EBP –termed A-C/EBP in basal keratinocytes: these mice have hyperplasia of the basal epidermis and increased apoptosis of the upper layers [19]: p53 and pro-apoptotic markers are induced and C/EBPβ dramatically reduced.
As ER stress is recently implicated in the pathogenesis of heart diseases such as ischemic heart disease and heart failure [12], [13], we analyzed the expression of ER stress markers such as GRP78 and C/EBP homologous protein transcription factor (CHOP) in this model, and found that these ER stress markers were induced at the phase of transition from hypertrophy to heart failure (Fig. 2C).
As expected, p53 and p16INK4a, which are senescence markers, are induced during passages.
Here, we show that in both settings, mesenchymal markers are induced.
