An overview of the application of markers for solid tumours is presented.
The relevance of current cancer stem cell markers for solid tumors remains controversial and perplexing.
These objectives remain elusive mainly due to the lack of specific genetic markers for solid tumours.
The measurement of oestrogen receptor (ER) status is one of a very small number of molecular markers for solid tumours that have a large impact both on estimation of prognosis and the choice of therapy for the individual patient.
Although DNA methylation profiles are often tissue- and cell-specific, recent data indicate that epigenetic traits in white blood cells are phenotypic markers of genomic instability and promising candidate risk markers for solid tumors even after adjusting for known cancer risk factors [ 4, 5].
- Eventually, DNA methylation has been also considered as a marker for solid cancer diagnostics., Likewise, this epigenetic mark has been associated with other non-cancer diseases (reviewed in ref. 37), including autoimmune and neurological diseases.
Our results demonstrated that lower miR-375 expression was associated with poor survival in patients with various carcinomas (HR = 1.91 95% CI 1.48 2.54, P < 0.001, random-effects model), indicating that miR-375 may serve as a positive prognostic marker for solid tumors.
We anticipate a simple, fast, and quantitative MMIHC platform will be broadly applicable to clinical diagnosis, identification of novel markers for classifying solid tumors, the selection of optimal biomarkers, development and screening of IHC antibodies, biological pathway studies and establishment of optimal IHC conditions (e.g., antibody concentration and incubation time) in various cancers.
Also, tumor angiogenesis is an important prognostic marker for many solid tumors, including lung cancer that independently predicts pathologic stages of tumor progression and tumor growth rate [21].
In addition, LINE-1 hypomethylation levels may hold value as a prognostic marker for epithelial solid cancers, for example cervical [ 30], hepatocellular [ 31] and ovarian [ 29].
The uniform finding is a correlation of upregulated, mostly nuclear YB-1 expression with poor outcome, e.g. early relapses and tumor growth, suggesting high YB-1 expression is an independent negative prognostic marker for many solid tumors.
