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Here, key challenges include target identification, mapping the needs and target population, the development and harmonisation of predictive read-out systems and surrogate markers for protection, and improving antigen immunogenicity, delivery and stability.
Three critical areas will be considered in the review: (1) use of an appropriate experimental animal model of infection; (2) targeting appropriate immune markers for protection; (3) design of optimal vaccine formulation and delivery systems.
These findings would suggest that high levels of EPCs and CPCs may be markers for protection from CVD and DN in type 1 diabetes, but not for DR or neuropathy.
Other studies must be carried out to establish if these antigens can be used as markers for protection of development of pathology or in order to produce a vaccine.
Our goal was to determine whether CPC or EPC levels could be markers for protection against microvascular complications in this unique cohort compared with age-matched subjects and nondiabetic controls as well as young type 1 and type 2 diabetic subjects.
Similar(55)
The ADH1B*2 allele has been proposed to play a possible protective role, or to be a marker for protection in the South African mixed-ancestry population [ 20].
Whether detection of IFN-γ by PBMCs upon HCMV antigenic stimulation may serve as a surrogate marker for protection against HCMV disease requires further investigation.
The data suggest H. pylori as a marker for protection.
Therefore the effector IgG ASC response could serve as a surrogate marker for protection efficacy of influenza vaccination.
In animal studies, virus-neutralizing antibody titer has been shown to be an imperfect marker for protection because it varies with time and the expertise of technicians performing the assay.
Significant associations with protection against GE were found for post dose 3 titers of RV-IgA in vaccinees, however, no specific titer could be identified as a marker of protection for RRV-TV vaccine.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com