In chemostat cultures with T. reesei, the most sensitive markers for process disturbances were the genes coding for hydrolytic enzymes (cbh1, egl1, bgl2, bga1), which were consistently down-regulated in response to various factors like high concentrations of polypropylene glycol, lack of aeration or high cell density stress.
Two ions, namely those belonging to the emodin-8-O-glucoside and gallic acid-3-O-glucoside, were determined to be potential chemical markers for processed R. palmatum.
Individual subfamilies of radical SAM proteins differ greatly in target and action, and serve as molecular markers for processes as varied as tRNA and rRNA base modification, metalloenzyme maturation, lipid metabolism, and post-translational modification both of proteins to create enzyme active sites, and of short peptides to create bacteriocins and other natural products.
As this goal involved multiple sites and required high anatomical resolution, Experiment 1 mapped the expression of the immediate-early gene (IEG) c- fos following exposure to novel stimuli, treating it as an indirect marker for processes related to recognition memory (Aggleton, Brown, & Albasser, 2012).
Studies of the organisms, syntrophic partnerships, mechanisms, and geochemical signatures associated with methanogenic hydrocarbon degradation have identified common themes and diagnostic markers for this process in the subsurface.
The capability to predict recurrence at these stages would have a clinical relevance because markers for this process have not been identified yet.
To study the clinical significance of cell fusion in breast cancer, it is important to identify specific markers for this process in clinical tumor material.
In addition, emerging neuro-protective drugs, (e.g., NXY-059, [ 23]) aiming at inhibiting brain cell death, also require markers for the process, for clinical assessment of their effect on disease course.
Semiconductor nanoparticles are used as single photon emitters in quantum information processing, and as fluorescent markers for biological processes.
Moreover, the presence of mRNA, noncoding RNA, and miRNA in ExMVs in blood and other biological fluids opened up the possibility of employing ExMVs as new detection markers for pathological processes, and ExMVs became a target for "liquid biopsy" approaches.
As in cultured chondrocytes the dedifferentiation and proliferation of the cells are critical factors that influence the generation of transplants, the aim of our study was to find and characterize markers for these processes.
