Consistently with its interaction with ATG8-like proteins, MAPK15, indeed, partially colocalized with endogenous LC3B, GABARAP and SQSTM1/p62 (Fig. 2C and D), all classical markers for membranes of autophagosomal origin.
The cytosolic enzyme LDH is an in vitro marker for membrane integrity [32].
Other studies employed proton MRS (1H-MRS) and yielded a lot of heterogeneous, sometimes contradictory, results for metabolites including N-acetylaspartate (NAA: a neuronal marker), total creatine (tCr: a marker of energy metabolism), choline (Cho: a marker for membrane turnover) and myo-inositol (a glial marker) ([11] and references herein).
Several studies have employed 1H-MRS achieving numerous results for metabolites including N-acetylaspartate (NAA), as a marker of neuronal functioning [44], choline (Cho), as a marker for membrane turnover [45], total creatine (tCr) and lactate, for energy metabolism [46], and myo-inositol (a glial marker) [47].
The necrotic form of cell death was also examined by quantitation of LDH release in the extracellular medium, a marker for membrane integrity.
Choline is a marker for membrane turnover.
PI fluorescence greatly increases upon binding to nucleic acids and so it can be used as a marker for membrane integrity when added to the extracellular milieu.
Possible mediation by redox adjustment was examined by assaying H2O2 (a potentially damaging oxidizer), non-protein thiol (potential antioxidant) and TBARS (a marker for membrane peroxidation).
AACOCF3 administration also restored Na+, K+-ATPase activity (a marker for membrane integrity or damage) by 38.1% (p < 0.05), and reduced SCI-induced MPO activity (a marker for neutrophil infiltration) by 67.1% (p < 0.01).
Indeed, total cellular phosphatidylcholine (PC) can be used as a marker for membrane proliferation in neoplastic mammary gland tissues [ 24] or as a predictive biomarker for monitoring tumor response [ 25].
