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Compared with plastid markers, nuclear markers exhibited lower levels of genetic differentiation as estimated by ΦST (0.114), GST (0.122) and G'ST (0.255).
Hossain et al. demonstrated that on the genetic linkage map, EST-derived markers exhibited lower average PIC values (0.40) than random genome-derived microsatellite markers (0.61).
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An additional 14 markers exhibiting lower polymorphism were characterized on a smaller number of individuals.
Similarly, patients receiving steroids exhibited lower levels of markers of bone formation markers.
Significantly, CAFs in hypoxia exhibited lower levels of markers of actomyosin contraction, including phospho-S19-myosin light chain (pMLC/pMYL9) and phospho-T696-MYPT (pMYPT/pPPP1R12A) (Fig 1G).
Upon 3-month evaluation, patients that received IL-1Ra exhibited lower levels of inflammatory markers and better clinical outcomes.
Additionally, DAF-MSCs exhibited lower levels of expression for adipogenic markers, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ (PPAR γ) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) compared with AL cells.
Untreated diabetic rats also exhibited lower levels of serum 25(OH D and elevated levels of serum ADMA, a marker of endothelial dysfunction.
However, CD161 and CCR6 exhibited lower specificity for Th17 cells than CD146: a significant proportion of IL-17-negative cells expressed these markers, and their enrichment within the IL-17-secreting cells was only 3 4-fold, much lower than the ≈9–11-fold enrichment observed for CD146 (Table 1).
JFH1/5AC-Q24K/L28M/R30Q/A92K exhibited lower replication and virus production efficiencies.
The pattern VEP exhibited lower amplitudes and prolonged peak times.
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