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The markers consisted of 1158 polymorphic diversity array technology (DArT) (Akbari et al. 2006) markers coded as "−1" and "1".
The simulated genome consisted of one chromosome of 100 cM, on which 2000 bi-allelic markers (coded as alleles 1 and 2) were randomly allocated.
This marker-based model (RR-BLUP) is expressed as where X is the genotype matrix for the bi-allelic markers (coded as 0, 1 and 2) and.
In Curtis et al. [ 29] and Curtis [ 26], the NN architecture consisted of four input nodes that represent four markers coded as genotypes 0,1,2.
The markers consist of 1279 polymorphic DArT markers coded as "0" and "1" and the trait used for the evaluation of cross-validated GS accuracies was grain yield in CIMMYT mega-environment 1.
To fine map the QTL on the LG12 of RGT, a set of microsatellite markers (coded as UDMdSSR) was newly developed from the sequence of the apple reference genome.
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Each integer represents the genotype for one individual at one marker, coded as 0 for missing, 1 for one homozygote, 2 for the heterozygote, and 3 for the other homozygote.
To see this connection more explicitly, note that when m bi-allelic markers are coded as {−1,0,1}, the n× n matrix of IBS coefficients (for the markers) is 1 2 (m − 1 X X ′ + J ), where J is a matrix of ones (Piepho 2009).
The non-SNP imputed markers were coded as present/absent.
Molecular markers were coded as either single or mixed allele genotypes in the case of SNPs and as mean copy number per sample for copy number polymorphisms.
The genotype of each marker was coded as −1 for the TR306 allele and +1 for the Harrington allele.
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