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Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess associations between deprivation markers as binary variables.
Physicians tend to use these markers as binary categories (that is, ER-positive vs. ER-negative, Ki67 low vs. Ki67 high, and so forth) and create distinct groups (with four binary markers, 16 different marker groups are possible); in contrast, IHC4 uses a mathematical formula that weighs the semiquantitative expression values and combines these into a single risk score.
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In our primary analysis, we tested the clinical validity of these molecular alterations as single markers, analyzed as binary factor.
Binary vectors for rice stable expression were also generated by adding the T-DNA, selection markers, as well as the replicon and stabilization sequences from Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
It may ruin the markers as well!
As most stroke patients showed negative GFAP (71.4%) and VSNL-1 (93.1%) in the peripheral blood at this time point, these markers are regarded as binary variables (positive or negative).
Since AFLPs are dominant markers, data were scored as binary data.
For survival analyses, quantitative tumour markers were also analysed as binary variables according to their median values (⩽ vs >median).
P/A regions as binary markers were used in a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) [ 112] with R/vegan [ 113].
The individual fragments—here detected as fluorescent peaks—are coded as binary markers (1 = present, 0 = absent) and scored as independent unit characters of equal weight.
First, as binary, codominant markers, heterozygosity can be directly measured.
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