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The researchers explain that, to do this, they "focused on three common discourse markers … (I mean, you know, and like) and two filled pauses (uh and um)." They recorded and transcribed interviews with the speakers, noted how often the speakers used so-called "discourse markers," and concluded that these markers are, indeed, used most frequently by women and girls.
In 2010, Kienle et al. proposed a prognostic model based on gene expression markers and concluded that this model could not replace the established prognostic factors, but can improve TFS and OS prediction [20].
Ames and collaborators [ 49, 51] studied putative members of series Piurana with, respectively, morphological data and COSII markers, and concluded that based on morphology only three out of a total of 33 species could be recognized.
Hilel et al. [ 17] characterized 52 chicken breeds using 22 microsatellite markers and concluded that the origin of domestic chicken to be from RJFs, as supported by mt DNA analyses [ 8].
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De Fátima Ruas et al. [ 2] analyzed 18 germplasms of pineapple using RAPD marker and concluded that the cultivated germplasms in this study had a similarity coefficient lower than 0.85.
Previous reports compared the effect of different marker systems and concluded that the subdivision of populations depended on the marker size and population [ 18, 33– 33].
Solberg et al. (2008) demonstrated the accuracy of GEBV prediction with SNP and SSR markers using 100 unrelated animals, and concluded that the SNP markers required two to three times greater density compared with using an SSR marker to achieve similar accuracy.
Patel et al. studied markers of autophagic activity and concluded that autophagy is not induced in human IPF lungs [ 5].
Two trials (CALM-PD-CIT and REAL-PET studies) used neuroimaging dopamine changes as a surrogate marker for PD progression, and concluded that pramipexole and ropinirole could have a neuroprotective effect compared to levodopa.
For example, Schmitz-Dräger et al (2000) reviewed 43 trials that considered p53 immunohistochemistry as a prognostic marker in bladder cancer, and concluded that: 'From this analysis it becomes evident that further retrospective investigations will not contribute to the solution of the problem and thus are obsolete.
The Yale paleontologists tested this proposition by looking at how much the specimens' skulls had fused together — a marker of maturity, they said — and concluded that many Triceratops skulls exhibit extensive cranial fusion.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com