Fecal coliforms have long been used by most governments as a marker to determine whether bodies of water are polluted because they are relatively easy and cheap to test and find.
We used four SSR markers and one insertion-deletion (InDel) marker to determine genotypes of 13 F3-derived lines for substitution mapping of the target QTL.
The axial cut that best demonstrated the radial tuberosity was then used as a reference marker to determine the angular location of the fracture (Fig. 2a).
Pristane, a low solubility multi-methyl branched alkane, usually remains recalcitrant in biodegradation systems, and it is even used as an internal marker to determine biotic hydrocarbon loss.
Fv/Fm is an important marker to determine the effect of stress on the photosystem II in plants (Murchie and Lawson 2013).
Up to today, the number of CD4+ lymphocytes remains the most important biological marker to determine the clinical stage of an HIV-infection.
Additionally, this study reveils that niobium, detectable by pXRF, may be a very useful marker to determine the production process and its absence can point to a post 1959 dating as well as to the rutile crystal structure.
Cortisol can also be used as a target analyte marker to determine the effect of exposure such as organophosphates on central nervous system, which alters the endocrine system, leading to imbalance in cortisol secretion.
After 14 patients, the dosimeter design was improved for more accurate readings to improve clinical reliability: a dosimeter self-checking facility; a radiopaque marker to determine the position of the dosimeter, and a more robust optical extension fibre as depicted in Fig. 3.
The second is the 'free-wake method,' which is based on the following steps: first, trailing vortices are detached from the blade and represented by Lagrangian markers; then, the wake-induced velocities are calculated using the Biot-Savart law at each Lagrangian marker to determine their new positions; finally, the Lagrangian markers are connected by a straight line to form the wake [3].
The day that an egg was laid it was marked with a non-toxic marker to determine laying order.
