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Cold-induced increments in circulating norepinephrine, a marker of sympathetic nervous stimulation, appear unaffected by acute or chronic exertional fatigue.
Diverse results for neuropeptide Y (NPY); a marker of sympathetic nervous system with long-lasting vasoconstrictor effects in cerebral circulation, was reported in migraineurs [22].
Heart rate variability (HRV), a surrogate marker of sympathetic and vagal activity, is a particularly sensitive index of the changes in the neural network in response to cognitive requirements.
It can be considered a marker of sympathetic modulation or a parameter including both sympathetic and vagal influences.
HF power reflects vagal and respiratory mediated changes in heart rate, whereas LF power is mostly a marker of sympathetic modulation [ 13].
Plasma norepinephrine concentrations, as the most widely reported marker of sympathetic nervous system activity, showed greater increases in patients treated with amlodipine than with nifedipine GITS.
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This is further supported by the finding that ABPM and biochemical markers of sympathetic nerve activity remained unchanged after RDN, while the reduction in office BP was similar compared to Symplicity HTN-1 and HTN-2 [1, 2].
In addition to plasma oxytocin, cortisol was assessed as a marker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA-) axis activity, alpha-amylase and heart rate as markers of sympathetic activity, high frequency heart rate variability as a marker of vagal tone and self-rated anxiety as an indicator of subjective stress experience.
Furthermore, heart rate, EPI and NE levels are markers of sympathetic activity.
Both TH and NPY are used as specific markers of sympathetic nerve in many studies [ 14].
Plasma catecholamines were measured as markers of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity.
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