These differences have stimulated the search for molecular markers of strain phenotypes and host tropisms.
Although the final proof that conformational variants of PrPSc represent the biological basis of prion strains is lacking, the described physicochemical differences among PrPSc types are increasingly used as surrogate markers of strain properties in a given host.
Further research will be necessary to determine if the tir 255 T>A and RR1-RU3 polymorphisms are simply markers of strain virulence or are functional components of host-pathogen interactions.
In the critically ill patient, however, BNP is merely a marker of cardiac strain and is universally elevated in hyperdynamic and shocked patients, regardless of the aetiology.
B-type natriuretic peptide can be a rapid and effective marker of ventricular strain and heart failure [ 3], and can now be measured using a point-of-care diagnostic panel (Triage BNP Test; Biosite Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).
These structures are essential because the synovium, joint capsule and subchondral bone are highly innervated and appear to represent some of the main origins of KOA-related pain, whereas the cartilage status is suggested to be more a marker of joint strain and thereby a surrogate marker for KOA symptoms [ 14].
A major common marker of GISA strains is the increased cell-wall thickness [ 11]: the prototype GISA strain shows 30 40 cross-linked peptidoglycan layers, whereas fully susceptible strains contain only 20 layers [ 12].
TDH has been considered a major virulence factor of gastroenteritis, because TDH is responsible for KP (a marker of pathogenic strains) and has cytotoxic and enterotoxic activities [8], [15], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32].
The presence of bacterial colonies was determined, which had the following morphological markers of each strain: (1) Microbacterium sp. (green-yellow pigment and typical microscopic morphology), (2) Bacillus mycoides (typical colony morphology and microscopic morphology), and (3) Acinetobacter baumannii (positive oxidase test, no fermenting colonies, paired cells in microscopic observations).
The intensities of most of the AFLP markers for strain CB CBB markers) were already very faint in the unselected (control) cross progeny compared to the intensity of the corresponding AFLP bands in the parental strain CB.
