Studies show that "butch" lesbian women and men have a smaller difference in length between their index and ring fingers - a marker of pre-natal exposure to testosterone.
Moreover, asymptomatic subjects defined to be "at risk" for developing migraine, i.e. healthy but with first-degree relatives with migraine, present the same habituation deficit in evoked potentials and nociceptive blink reflex as established migraineurs, so that deficient habituation can be regarded as neurophysiological marker of pre-symptomatic migraine [29, 62].
To answer this question we began by looking at a subset of our sample, n = 47, which had previously taken part in a study which involved measuring a surrogate marker of pre-natal androgen exposure, the second to fourth finger length ratio (2D∶4D) [7].
This is consistent with napping being a marker of pre-clinical disease in some women.
GFP-LC3 is an established marker of pre-autophagosomal membranes (phagophores) and early autophagic vacuoles (AVs).
However, the most consistent marker of pre-natal MeHg exposure is delayed auditory processing assessed from brainstem auditory event potentials.
Furthermore, this gene has been shown to be a marker of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic primary liver lesions [ 64].
Probability of manifest disease onset within 5 years can therefore be viewed as a marker of pre-manifest disease progression.
In addition to being a causal factor, early onset of use may be a marker of pre-existing liability to SUD [ 25].
What are the mechanisms by which treatment with Se could cause a fall in sFlt-1 concentration, a primary marker of pre-eclampsia risk?
Thickening of the carotid artery wall has been adopted as a surrogate marker of pre-clinical atherosclerosis, which is strongly related to increased cardiovascular risk.
