Given its role in DC function, immunohistochemical detection of nuclear RelB is an excellent marker of functionally differentiated DC in perivascular regions of synovial tissue biopsies from patients with untreated RA, and can be used to quantitate mature DC in biopsies [ 16, 90, 91].
However, overexpression of p16INK4a alone has also been used as a surrogate marker of functionally active HPV 12– 12.
Four known molecular functions of LncRNAs, including signal, decoy, guide, and scaffold, were summarized recently [ 14]: Firstly, lncRNAs can act as markers of functionally significant biological events by regulating transcriptional activity or pathway.
However, the expression of additional markers characteristic of functionally competent cells such as SLC2A2, Gck, Pdx1 and PC1/3 [34], [34], provides further support for the appearance of β-cells in H7.Px4 EBs.
We used the high capacity receptor-mediated endocytosis of soluble waste molecules as a marker for functionally intact cells in the cultures.
The gene Urocortin 3 (Ucn3) is a marker for functionally mature β cells, cells capable of glucose stimulated insulin secretion (Blum et al., 2012).
Out of the 158 SSR markers for functionally important genes (gene-based SSRs), 27 showed robust and specific amplification within the expected size range in nine-spined sticklebacks (Table 1, see also Additional files 1 and 2), resulting in a low level (17.1%) of cross-species amplification.
Secondly, we investigated the potential utility of available sequenced fish genomes to develop SSR markers for functionally important genes in nine-spined sticklebacks.
Therefore, the development of species-specific primers would be necessary for obtaining SSR markers for functionally important genes.
To develop SSR markers for functionally important genes, primer sets were designed based on the sequences of nine-spined sticklebacks using WebSat [ 82].
It has become a high priority to find a molecule (preferably one functionally involved in determining stemness) that is a specific marker of stem cell function, for their evaluation during normal and pathogenic development.
