These studies have uniformly identified the nadir CD4+ count or the CD4+ count at the time of initiation of ART as the single, most important predictive marker of the duration of treatment interruption [ 4- 6].
Thus far, no prospective studies have been performed, and no studies have examined the relationship with reproductive life span (defined as menopausal age minus menarcheal age), which is a marker of total duration of endogenous estrogen exposure.
As insulin use is often a marker of longer duration and/or poorly controlled (type 2) DM, our finding that insulin users had a higher TB risk than the whole diabetes cohort would support the assumption that hyperglycaemia increases the risk for developing active TB.
This is in line with studies performed among persons living in dengue-endemic countries in Latin America where they found higher seroprevalence rates of DENV antibodies by increasing age, which can be seen as a marker for duration of exposure [ 13, 14].
Firstly, the serum lactate level could indeed be a surrogate marker for duration of no-flow and low-flow status after cardiac arrest [ 23, 24].
Increased number of countershocks is associated with PAMD in some studies, although more countershocks may be a marker of longer CPR duration (as is true for higher cumulative epinephrine dose) [ 14].
In a separate investigation, done simultaneously but independently of the Sapphire study, IGFBP-7 was identified by proteomics as an early prognostic marker of AKI severity, duration, and mortality [ 12].
