No relevant difference was found between these markets for smoking prevalence, intensity, some markers of dependence, nicotine uptake, or mortality from smoking-related lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Receipt of OST was used as a marker of opioid dependence, which is a clinical criterion for receiving treatment with OST in NSW.
A smoker's score in the Fagerström test correlates with the salivary cotinine levels and is a marker of chemical dependence[ 26- 28].
Fluid challenge may be a marker of preload dependence or hemodynamic status and may correspond to a prior severe hemodynamic condition characterized by a potential hypovolemic status before induction.
Thus there is reasonable prior evidence, consistent with the between-group difference observed in these data, to suggest that striatal enlargement is an imaging marker of cocaine dependence, which may reflect reduced dopamine neurotransmission and could indeed be a predisposing factor rather than a consequence of cocaine use.
Both features could maximise a study's ability to detect genetic associations: with non-opioid substance use, because it is also related with the DRD2 alleleele [ 16]; and with methadone treatment, because it can be a marker of heroin dependence severity [ 25].
In our study, we used an endophenotype strategy to identify putative cognitive, emotional, and personality markers of stimulant dependence vulnerability.
Characteristics of cells that are associated with the hormonal dependence of tumours are described, and it is shown that clonogenicity and hormone-induced proliferative response of breast tumours are as good markers of hormonal dependence as is oestrogen receptor.
We used the "Addictions Array" [ 14] to assess the relationships among a panel of genetic markers (SNPs) for "alcoholism and addiction" candidate genes, and the phenotype of alcohol consumption, in two populations of humans that had been characterized in the WHO/ISBRA Study on State and Trait Markers of Alcohol Dependence [ 15].
They do not, however, comment on the fact that "global" markers of host-dependence (AT-content, number of genes, number of rRNA operons) are more extreme in mutualists than in parasites.
In the third step we have constructed all possible panels composed of two markers, in order to assess directly the influence of dependence of markers on the diagnostic values of particular panels.
