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In humans, the serum antibody response to VLPs is stable over time, also after the HPV infection has been cleared, resulting in HPV serology being used as a marker of cumulative HPV exposure in spite of the fact that a significant propoertion of HPV-exposed subjects fail to seroconvert.
Indeed, protein carbonyl levels, a marker of cumulative oxidative stress, were recently reported to be increased in liver but not in adipose tissue of mice fed a high fat diet for 6 weeks [38].
Urine cadmium is considered a marker of cumulative body burden.
Tumors in the head and neck area are regarded as a marker of cumulative sunlight exposure.
Our data support GST-L1 as a marker of cumulative HPV infection, but not immune protection.
Stores of lead in bone are a more reliable marker of cumulative lead exposure.
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An estimated 2.3% of Americans have elevated urine cadmium concentrations, a bio-marker of cumulative cadmium exposure (Paschal et al. 2000).
Therefore, HPV antibodies are also considered markers of cumulative exposure.
Frequency of sex but not recent partners was associated with an increase in strong seroreactivity, also in a dose response manner as markers of cumulative exposure.
Few studies have examined the relationship between cognitive function and bone mineral density (BMD), both as possible markers of cumulative estrogen exposure.
Therefore, HPV antibodies generated against HPV natural infections are not necessarily protective [ 9, 5], but always work as markers of cumulative exposure.
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