Those receiving bicarbonate, in an amount equivalent to nine servings of fruits and vegetables daily, experienced much lower levels of calcium loss in the urine, as well as a loss of N-telopeptide, the biochemical marker of bone resorption.
In the 1990s, osteocalcin was established as a marker of bone formation and bone turnover [21].
Similar to 18F-fluoride PET, osteocalcin is regarded as a marker of bone formation.
C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), marker of bone resorption, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), marker of bone formation, were assayed after 4 and 12 weeks.
Osteocalcin because it is a late marker of bone formation and is expressed during mineralization by osteoblastic cells [24].
ALP activity is often used clinically as a marker of bone formation because of its correlation with calcification.
Bone density is a good marker of bone strength, and has been used widely in this respect.
Cadmium was negatively associated with bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone, positively with the marker of bone resorption.
This increases bone turnover with subsequent increase in alkaline phosphatase level as a marker of bone resorption (Valsamis et al. 2006).
The earliest identified marker of bone resorption is IL-1β, closely followed by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide, IL-6, and other inflammatory cytokines [12].
The marker of bone formation utilized was osteocalcin (OC), and the marker for degradation was carboxy-terminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptide region of type I collagen (ICTP).
