However, enhancement of differentiation marker genes, such as osteopontin and osteoclacin, occurred after the composite was deformed by just 20%.
RT-PCR analysis showed that the NPG-ESCs also expressed typical pluripotency marker genes, such as Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Rex1 and Klf4 (Fig. 1D).
A heatmap showed that the expression levels of TE marker genes such as Id2 and Cdx2 were elevated in the Activin A group (Fig. 5A).
RT-PCR analyses revealed that the hypertrophic marker genes, such as ANF and β-myosin heavy chain, were upregulated in pregnancy stressed mice.
The analysis results showed that the expression levels of EPI marker genes such as Pou5f1, Nanog, and Sox2 were decreased in embryos in the Activin A group (Fig. 3D), which was corroborated by the quantitative RT-PCR assay (Fig. 3E).
We found that biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) plasma treated in ammonia significantly reduced up-regulation of expression of osteogenic marker genes, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteocalcin (OC).
In addition, our biological results indicated that 3d and 3h could suppress RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis-related marker genes, such as NFATc1, c-fos, TRAP, and cathepsin K. Notably, 3d could significantly attenuate the bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts in the pit formation assay.
Taken together, several marker genes, such as PRDM14, DAZL, VASA, and PIWI family genes could thus be candidates to detect germ cells derived from ES cells.
The expression of other germ cell marker genes, such as NANOS1, NANOS2, NANOS3 and PIWIL1, increased in the EBs as well.
Together with Mash1 and Nkx2.2, the transcription factors Gata3, Gata2, Lmx1b, and Pet1 are activated, which subsequently define the cell fate by activating serotonergic lineage marker genes, such as TPH2.
In addition, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the expression of ES cell marker genes such as OCT3/4, SOX2 and NANOG were equally to those of H9 ES cells at passage 19 [1] (Fig. 1D).
