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One elegant solution for genotyping pollen makes use of a mutant allele that is molecularly tagged with a cell autonomous marker gene, such as β-glucuronidase (GUS) [12] or any fluorescent protein that is expressed in pollen [15] [17].
One could envision creating, at a specific genomic locus using the phi C31 system, two mosquito strains that carry transgene inserts that are identical for the effector gene and a constitutively-expressed marker gene (such as DsRED) to identify transgenic individuals.
The so-called phylogenetic oligonucleotide arrays (POAs-PhyloChip) use a short oligonucleotide design against a phylogenetic marker gene (such as the 16S rRNA gene).
The earliest neural marker gene, such as Xotx2, is expressed at an earlier stage than the mid-gastrula stage (Blitz & Cho 1995).
Recombination between modules two and three joined the Gal4 enhancer detector module and the marker gene such that transcription of each was in opposite directions.
As expected, the mRNA level of adipogenesis-specific marker gene such as PPARγ2 increased during the process of 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiation (Fig. 5b).
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However, enhancement of differentiation marker genes, such as osteopontin and osteoclacin, occurred after the composite was deformed by just 20%.
RT-PCR analysis showed that the NPG-ESCs also expressed typical pluripotency marker genes, such as Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Rex1 and Klf4 (Fig. 1D).
A heatmap showed that the expression levels of TE marker genes such as Id2 and Cdx2 were elevated in the Activin A group (Fig. 5A).
RT-PCR analyses revealed that the hypertrophic marker genes, such as ANF and β-myosin heavy chain, were upregulated in pregnancy stressed mice.
The analysis results showed that the expression levels of EPI marker genes such as Pou5f1, Nanog, and Sox2 were decreased in embryos in the Activin A group (Fig. 3D), which was corroborated by the quantitative RT-PCR assay (Fig. 3E).
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