Some enzymes which have been most extensively studied in the urine as markers for urinary tract infection are lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase [ 8].
Lowest observed effect levels were assessed for each effect marker for categorized urinary cadmium using Dunnett's post hoc test, including significant confounders and covariates in the models.
All bone markers except for urinary Calcium (uCa) were significantly reduced in the hormone groups compared to the placebo group; uCa was unchanged.
Studies assessing ETS exposure using biological markers (for example urinary cotinine, DNA adducts) or questionnaires were excluded.
We also considered urinary creatinine concentration, seen as a marker of urinary dilution.
Serum THP might be a better marker for UKD than urinary THP and also may be a good target for UKD treatment in the future.
For S-phenylmercapturic acid, a marker for benzene exposure, urinary marker levels were 3.8 and 3.6 μg per 24 h German and UK smokers, respectively, while those for 4-aminobiphenyl were 26 and 21 ng per 24 h.
Clinically, treatment with the long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide resulted in marked symptom relief accompanied by a significant reduction in tumour markers, for example urinary-5-HIAA levels 28-711% reduction).
In view of the contribution of tissue-derived enzymes to the urinary enzymatic activities, the use of a urinary enzymic marker for the detection UTI would require that urinary enzymatic activity be derived from the pathogenic bacteria only, with exclusion of tissues sources.
The challenge in such searches for urinary markers in a blind fashion is twofold.
