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The over-representation of these mutations among those recently diagnosed is likely consistent with the mutations acting as a marker for recent cluster formation.
Clustering is a marker for recent transmission [ 30- 32].
When uninfected males were exposed to cat odor, only a few MePD-AVP neurons expressed Fos protein, an immediate early gene marker for recent activation.
These outbreaks featured US birth and substance abuse factors shown to be independently associated with genotype clustering, a marker for recent TB transmission (39, 40 ).
All positive serum samples were tested for pertussis toxin (PT) IgG antibodies, the most specific serologic marker for recent B. pertussis infection (5 ).
Historically, HI assay has been considered to be the gold standard for evaluation of the humoral serum response, with an HI titre of ≥32 considered as a surrogate marker for recent infection during the 2009 pandemic (Hardelid et al., 2010).
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Including a marker for a recent hospital admission resulted in a slightly improved discrimination for each Charlson derivation (p<0.0001).
We conclude that NIPs could be reliable phylogenetic markers also for recent radiations.
Circulating CD146+CD4+ T cells have an effector memory phenotype, expressing CD45RO but not CCR7; they are enriched for markers of recent activation ex vivo [ 22].
The data presented in this study provide guidelines for the selection of adequate markers for studying recent and ancient evolutionary branches of P. pacificus.
Because they are metabolized quickly and have relatively short serum elimination half-lives (Butenhoff J, personal communication), PFOSAA and M570 as serum concentrations should be considered markers for only recent nonoccupational exposure in the general population.
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