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The cytosolic enzyme LDH is an in vitro marker for membrane integrity [32].
Other studies employed proton MRS (1H-MRS) and yielded a lot of heterogeneous, sometimes contradictory, results for metabolites including N-acetylaspartate (NAA: a neuronal marker), total creatine (tCr: a marker of energy metabolism), choline (Cho: a marker for membrane turnover) and myo-inositol (a glial marker) ([11] and references herein).
Several studies have employed 1H-MRS achieving numerous results for metabolites including N-acetylaspartate (NAA), as a marker of neuronal functioning [44], choline (Cho), as a marker for membrane turnover [45], total creatine (tCr) and lactate, for energy metabolism [46], and myo-inositol (a glial marker) [47].
The necrotic form of cell death was also examined by quantitation of LDH release in the extracellular medium, a marker for membrane integrity.
Choline is a marker for membrane turnover.
PI fluorescence greatly increases upon binding to nucleic acids and so it can be used as a marker for membrane integrity when added to the extracellular milieu.
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Transferrin receptor and actin were used as markers for membrane (fractions 1 to 3) and soluble (fractions 7 to 9) fractions, respectively.
Similarly, in bone marrow, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 [IBA-1; a marker specific for membrane ruffling and phagocytosis in macrophages (Ito et al., 2001)] and Brucella IHC staining both exhibited a subchondral location (Fig. 4C), but only a small subset of IBA-1-positive monocytes incorporated Brucella (Fig. 4B vs 4C).
Consistently with its interaction with ATG8-like proteins, MAPK15, indeed, partially colocalized with endogenous LC3B, GABARAP and SQSTM1/p62 (Fig. 2C and D), all classical markers for membranes of autophagosomal origin.
The transferrin receptor (CD71), an integral membrane protein, was selected as a marker for nonraft membrane fractions.
CD8-RFP, which served as a general marker for apical membrane morphology, remained restricted to the apical membrane as well (D″ – E″ ).
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