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As increased blood lactate concentration is a marker for illness severity in critically ill patients [22], our results are in line with studies showing that membrane depolarization in critically ill patients is directly correlated with severity of illness [6 8].
Studies such as these have led to controversy as to whether acidosis is merely a marker for illness severity or whether it is itself in causal pathway of critical illness.
In contrast, for those who had not been treated previously, significant predictors of greater probability of treatment discontinuation were not individual characteristics including number of symptoms as a marker for illness severity but rather care seeking pathways like the number of providers seen for the current episode of TB treatment and payment for treatment and related costs.
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As death is more likely to occur relatively soon after discharge, models that include markers for illness severity at the time of hospital presentation 11 40 have shown excellent ability to predict short term mortality.
These results help to better describe intensive care as a marker for advancing illness in patients with advanced chronic illness.
In future research, studies with larger samples should investigate which of the two markers constitutes the better marker for the illness and is more suitable to differentiate the most severe patients.
However, there is a considerable controversy whether such association represents a causal relationship between CMV disease and unfavorable outcomes, or whether CMV disease only represents a marker for severe illness that carries poor clinical outcomes.
Thus, one could investigate which of the two markers constitutes a better marker for the illness and may, therefore, be more suitable for differentiating the most severe patients (e.g., those with substance misuse, more suicide attempts and a more severe course of illness).
The result in our study that increasing mean viral load, and not decreasing CD4 count, was associated with ED utilization may indicate that viral load is a better surrogate marker for acute illness requiring emergency care while CD4 count is a better marker for long-term outcome, such as death or developing AIDS-defining illness.
For IV vancomycin, however, this association may represent not a causal relationship, but rather a marker for higher illness severity and, thus, confounding by indication.
This suggests that colonization/infection with MRAB is a marker for severe illness or that the organism itself is responsible for poor outcome.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com