The case studies suggest chemical exposure induced changes in upstream biological markers have utility for hazard identification and risk assessment.
Using house dust as a marker for indoor inhalable hazards and infiltrated pollutants of outdoor origin (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from vehicle exhaust) would represent a useful and readily available exposure assessment tool.
COX-2 expression was a negative prognostic marker for overall survival (OS; hazard ratio [HR] = 2.51, P =.019 for index >or= 4; HR = 4.16, P =.005 for index = 9) for patients not receiving celecoxib.
Strong LCN2 was an independent prognostic marker for decreased survival, with Hazard ratio (HR) of 3.9, p = 0.027 (Table 3).
Nuclear S100A7 expression emerged as the most significant prognostic marker for HNSCC (p = 0.006, Hazard's ratio (HR) = 7.6, 95% CI = 1.3 5.1).
In these analyses, FOXP1 expression turned out to be a significant independent prognostic marker for both EFS and OS (Table 2; EFS, hazard ratio, 2.29, 95% confidence interval, 1.46 – 3.58, P < 0.001; OS, hazard ratio, 1.79, 95% confidence interval, 0.98 – 3.26, P < 0.001).> -wrap-foot> Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, EFS event-free survival, OS overall surviaval, vs. versus.
In contrast, GATA-3 expression was revealed not to be important as a predictive marker for better outcome in this series (hazard ratio = 1.97, 95% confidence interval = 0.96 to 4.01) (Table 4).
†Reference categories for hazard ratios.
Since cytoplasmic Skp2 was associated with melanoma patient survival, we next examined whether cytoplasmic Skp2 expression is an independent prognostic marker for melanoma patient survival by multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis.
Cox proportional hazards models demonstrated that an optimal panel of markers for predicting risk of developing cognitive impairment (CDR 0 to CDR>0 conversion) consisted of calbindin, Aβ42, and age.
