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(3) The presence of anti- Ascaris IgE may be a marker for exposures to closely related zoonotic infections such as A. suum and Toxocara canis with which A. lumbricoides shares extensive immunological cross-reactivity 48.
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Proximity to highways may be a marker for exposure to high loads of ultrafine particles and other highly redox-active pollutants, in particular diesel particles [37], and constituents affecting the airways and alveoli leading to systemic inflammatory responses [38] and atherogenesis [6].
It also provided a marker for exposure, a direct indication of red tide aerosol exposure.
Measurements of CPF or CPF-oxon are the most specific marker for exposure [ 28].
Of course, we considered heavy metals as a surrogate marker for exposure to a complex mixture of pollutants.
Karmaus et al. (2001) used a cross-sectional study of 343 children in Germany, looking at organochlorine exposure in the blood as a marker for exposure to emissions.
It is known to be a specific, biologic marker for exposure to damaged PVC flooring material and indicates recent exposure (Wiglusz et al. 1998).
After adequate characterization of the dose-dependent formation of a specific adduct, the adduct can often be used as a quantitative marker for exposure, DNA adduct formation, or, possibly, risk of disease.
Unfortunately, we did not collect data on day care experience, which has been shown in some studies to be a surrogate marker for exposure to infections (Ma et al, 2002; Perrillat et al, 2002).
Crystallised intelligence may be considered a proxy marker for exposure to intellectual activity, and determining whether this may have been confounded by association with higher physical activity might have been useful.
In this context, the previously cited North Carolina studies (which used fish health as a marker for exposure) are reassuring in that they also failed to find a correlation between exposure and health (except for a possible correlation with reduced visual contrast sensitivity in the initial occupational prevalence study) (Moe et al. 2001; Swinker et al. 2001).
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