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Proximity to highways may be a marker for exposure to high loads of ultrafine particles and other highly redox-active pollutants, in particular diesel particles [37], and constituents affecting the airways and alveoli leading to systemic inflammatory responses [38] and atherogenesis [6].
It also provided a marker for exposure, a direct indication of red tide aerosol exposure.
Measurements of CPF or CPF-oxon are the most specific marker for exposure [ 28].
Of course, we considered heavy metals as a surrogate marker for exposure to a complex mixture of pollutants.
Karmaus et al. (2001) used a cross-sectional study of 343 children in Germany, looking at organochlorine exposure in the blood as a marker for exposure to emissions.
It is known to be a specific, biologic marker for exposure to damaged PVC flooring material and indicates recent exposure (Wiglusz et al. 1998).
Similar(42)
(3) The presence of anti- Ascaris IgE may be a marker for exposures to closely related zoonotic infections such as A. suum and Toxocara canis with which A. lumbricoides shares extensive immunological cross-reactivity 48.
Antibodies to the 70 kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) immunoglobulin (Ig) G are markers for exposure to adverse or nonphysiological stimuli.
They will look at the parents' occupational history for exposures to metals, pesticides, or other chemicals, they will look at maternal bio markers for exposure in blood and urine, and analyze questionnaires about household chemical use.
Active recruitment of the uninfected individuals who were born and/or have lived in the same endemic region for over ten years and have reported that they never had an episode of malaria although their family members or neighbors had it (markers for exposure) was done in the villages around Porto Velho (Ouro Preto do Oeste, Guajará-Mirim, Ji-Paraná and Candeias do Jamari).
Instead, nationality, geographic residence, or geographic site of hospital were used as surrogate markers for exposure.
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