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For instance, mucosal IgA is a group A marker for defence against pathogens because it is a marker of immune function and low (salivary) IgA is a risk factor for respiratory infections in children and athletes.
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The examples mentioned in Table 4 serve to contrast the categorisation of the same marker for different functional domains, such as markers of acute-phase response and (ratio of) pro- and anti-inflammatory markers as group C markers for inflammation control v. group D markers for defence against infection and avoidance or mitigation of allergy.
There was no accumulation of any SAR gene transcripts including PR1, a marker for enhanced defence; in addition some other key elements in the SA defence pathway were suppressed.
In Norway spruce a host of defense related proteins are upregulated in response to pathogen attack and other stressors, and the chitinase PaChi4 has proven to be a particularly useful marker for local and systemic defence response in both Norway spruce and Sitka spruce [ 23- 25].
While certain genes involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) have been characterized and used as markers for studying plant defence mechanisms [ 18], crosstalk between signals and hormone pathways has also been proposed [ 19- 21].
It also strengthens the Union's foreign-policy role and puts down a marker for the development of a common defence policy.
D is for Defence Defence wins World Cups.
As for defence?
Radek Sikorski, the Oxford-educated defence minister, plans internet auctions for defence procurement contracts.
Roux talking for defence.
Michael Fallon MP (Secretary of State for Defence).
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