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Irreversible oxidation of macromolecules such as proteins and lipids results in the accumulation of a pigment called lipofuscin that is a classic marker for ageing tissues [ 18].
Telomere length (TL), therefore, has been widely investigated as a marker for ageing and somatic fitness, as well as cancer in humans [4], [7].
Similarly, in humans, telomere length was identified as predictive marker for ageing associated diseases, cancer, and lifespan (Cawthon et al., 2003).
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But what is a surrogate marker for aging?
Girls at high risk for developing depression have greater stress responses and shorter telomeres – a marker for aging – than their low-risk peers.
The study found that these exercisers had much longer telomeres, or the aspect of DNA that acts as a marker for aging than people who did not move as much.
TL is an important marker for aging, and appears to be associated with risk of several diseases, including cancer.
Since damaged DNA accumulates with advancing age, the accumulation of these lncRNAs in exosomes may serve as a marker for aging in tissues.
It is known to be a marker for aging in proteins with long life-spans, and, for example, many deamidation sites have been identified in crystallins [ 11], the major proteins of the eye lens.
We found the senescence marker p16INK4a significantly increased in mutant SOD2-deficient skin, and this is particularly relevant for human skin aging as we and others have previously shown that reactive oxygen species accumulate fibroblasts in skin in vitro and in vivo and, importantly, p16INK4a increases in human skin with age and represents a robust in vivo marker for aging.
Moreover, it is not at all certain the Food and Drug Administration would accept any of the currently proposed surrogate markers for aging.
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