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Conclusion: Adults with CP showed markedly increased muscle tone and moderate muscle weakness.
In particular, myostatin-null agouti lethal yellow and myostatin-null obese leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice exhibit markedly increased muscle mass composed of predominantly fast glycolytic fibers, decreased fat mass accumulation, and improved glycemic control compared to myostatin replete littermates [15].
Serotonin syndrome, in contrast, is characterised by rapid onset of markedly increased muscle tone amounting to myoclonus, with shivering, tremor, and hyperreflexia.
Although knee extension exercise markedly increased muscle S1P content, sphingoid base-1-phosphates were not released but taken up across the leg during the exercise.
Similarly, myostatin null mice and mice administered with short-hairpin RNAs targeting myostatin show markedly increased muscle mass, although postnatal myostatin inhibition results in hypertrophy only, whereas null mice demonstrate both hypertrophy and hyperplasia (30, 33).
Similar(54)
In mammals, the overexpression of FST markedly increases muscle mass through both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of myofibres [ 3].
Similarly, COX2 expression was markedly increased in muscle of arthritic rats, which was not reproduced in the RA patients of the present study either (Fig. 6).
TGFβ1 markedly increased alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; a marker of myofibroblast formation) and the ECM proteins fibronectin and collagen I at both mRNA and protein levels.
We observed no changes in the expression levels of any proteases; however, steady-state levels of all three CI assembly factors were markedly increased in patient muscle samples suggestive of a compensatory response to the ND1 defect.
We found that the α6 chain was expressed at normal levels in the skeletal muscles of Miyoshi myopathy, EDMD2, SEPN1 and FHL1 patients, while it was markedly increased in the muscles of DMD and MDC1A patients (Fig. 4).
IL-6 mRNA levels in human skeletal muscle is markedly increased by exercise, and contracting muscle appears to be the primary contributor to the exercise-induced increase in circulating levels of IL-6 [ 12].
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