In the susceptible Ca. sinensis cultivar, 2146 DEGs were only enriched in 8 pathways; comparatively, 3007 DEGs in the resistant cultivar were enriched in 23 pathways, of which flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism were markedly enriched (P < 0.01 and fold enrichment < 0.4; Fig. 4a), suggesting that these two pathways play important roles in tea plant defence against anthracnose.
Functional distal regulatory elements in hESCs are markedly enriched for 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), which is most enriched in regions immediately adjacent to sequence motifs of TF-binding sites (Yu et al. 2012).
Based on orbital and in situ investigations, Martian dust is known to be consistently and markedly enriched in both sulfur (S) and chlorine (Cl) relative to the average Martian soil37,38,39.
In addition to these crystalline phases, in situ investigations from past and current rovers have revealed the dust to be consistently and markedly enriched in both S and Cl relative to the average Martian soil37,38,39.
A total of 117 antimicrobial-resistance genes were detected from 12 types of genes, and the relative abundance of most genes (particularly mobile genetic elements intⅠand transposons) was markedly enriched by at least one fold.
Annotation of these two proneural gene sets (Supplementary Data 1, category of neural and neuronal development) by DAVID and GSEA showed that GO terms related to neural development and neurogenesis were markedly enriched in basal cells whereas luminal cells were enriched in terms/signatures associated with neural sensory perception and response (Supplementary Fig. 5a,b).
These mudskipper PSGs are markedly enriched in the gene ontology terms 'DNA repair', 'DNA replication', 'nucleic acid metabolic process' and 'response to stress' (Supplementary Fig. 15 and Data 2), which is consistent with their roles in maintaining genomic stability and responding to the harsh temperature gradients and direct sunlight9 in the intertidal zone.
The only gene that differed substantially was ESR1 in which mutations have been described to be markedly enriched in metastases after AI treatment.5,7,8,9,10 In this study we identified ESR1 mutations in 11% of patients, which is at lower end of the reported frequency.
In comparison with the Saccharomyces cerevisiaegenome, chromosome 2 has a lower gene density, introns are more frequent, and proteins are markedly enriched in nonglobular domains.
KOBAS software was used to test the statistical enrichment of DEGs in KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway to identify markedly enriched metabolic pathways or signal transduction pathways compared with the whole genome background.
As theoretically expected, diet-controlled experiments have clearly demonstrated that a predator is markedly enriched in both 13C and 15N relative to its prey (DeNiro and Epstein 1978 , 1981 Minagawa and Wada 1984).
