John Murray, marine director at the ICS, said sailors are risking their safety embarking on such rescues at sea and can be left traumatised by the horrors they witness.
Peter Hinchliffe, the marine director of the International Chamber of Shipping in London, said in a separate telephone interview that the Indian Navy's action "is going to start to bring the message home" to pirates "that the international community really is ranged against them".
The chief executive of Costa Cruises, Pier Luigi Foschi, told a parliamentary committee on Wednesday that the Costa Cruises marine operations director, Roberto Ferrarini, had been "completely surprised" by the evacuation order.
Christopher F. Smith, marine program director for the Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County, said the vast majority of desalination plants in the United States discharge the salt they remove back into surface water.
Gordon Colvin, the marine resources director of the D.E.C., said the restrictions on commercial fishermen have helped the bass population to rebound.
"The unfortunate part was that very few of these recommendations were actually acted on," said Marci Bortman, the Nature Conservancy's marine conservation director.
Bruno Leporatti, Captain Schettino's lawyer, said in a statement that other Costa Cruises officials, including its marine operations director, may share responsibility for the wreck of the 950-foot ship, which cost $563 million when it went into service in 2006.
Mustang Marine managing director Kevin Lewis said the investment was "fantastic news for the local economy".
In the hearing, Schettino insisted he had informed Costa's headquarters of the accident straight away, and his line of conduct had been approved by the company's marine operations director throughout a series of phone conversations.
The positions range from fairly senior (manager of a marine terminal and director of capital projects) to midlevel (financial analysts, auditor, project manager) to entirely operational (toll collectors and track workers).
Marine Buissonniere, the director of the Open Society Public Health Program, one of the groups that challenged the condition, said the policy was counterproductive.
