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Biofuel production is also on the rise: by using marginal land that is half the size of the UK, China is the already world's third largest producer of ethanol.
We would like to be able to start doing a few things like that that will save a few years when it matters… We're moving quite fast on various types of highly improved organic farming, upgrades to land, sequestered carbon, doubling of cattle capabilities, re-considering marginal land that had been degraded.
"You get about 14 times as much energy out as you put in, and you can grow trees on marginal land that is not agricultural land...There would be all sorts of benefits, both environmentally and from the energy-balance point of view".Listen to the audio (6:06 mins)Buy a PDF of this complete survey, including all graphics, for saving or one-click printing.
Companies around the globe are racing to produce biofuels from cellulose from inedible plants, such as switchgrass and poplar trees, grown on marginal land that requires little water, fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticides, or from the vast amount of scrap from crop and wood-based industries.
The informal settlements which exist in many cities often consist of poorly constructed shelters located on marginal land that is especially vulnerable to natural hazards.
The large variation in estimates is illustrated by the range between low estimates of 52 Mha for both agricultural production and biofuels [ 34] to high estimates of 1107 Mha, that include marginal land that can be cultivated for biofuel production [ 35].
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In an era of mass extinction, rangelands are looked to as refugia, and 'the marginal lands that were previously the province of pastoralists are increasingly coming into focus as reserves of biodiversity' (Blench 2001).
It has been argued that the lignocellulose could be produced on marginal lands that are not in use for agriculture and therefore would not compete with food and feed production.
Instead, farmers are forced to use ever more marginal land – plots that are too wet, too dry, too short on vital nutrients, or are laced with damaging aluminium or salt.
Pastoralists have been pushed to small marginal parcels of land that have not been leased to private individual ranchers (Muhereza 2001).
Shortall [48] distinguishes between two meanings of marginal land, one referring to land that some believe should be used for perennial crops as it is unsuited to food production (we call this 'Marginal land I') while the other captures the notion of land that is more likely to be used because it is currently economically marginal (we call this 'Marginal land II').
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