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According to the countries included in different service areas, weighted marginal external accident costs are calculated for each Service Area.
where MEAC is the marginal external accident cost for the country, based on RECORDIT figures8 (adjusted to 2012 price levels).
Weighted marginal external accident costs can be expressed as mathrm{Weighted}kern0.5em mathrm{Marginal}kern0.5em mathrm{Costrnal}=frac{{displaystylecident}kern0.5em mathrm{sumt}=frac{{displaystyle {sum}_{mathrm{i}}{mathrm{MEAC}}_{mathrm{i}}times {mathrm{Distance}}_{mathrm{i}}}}{{displaystyle sum mathrm{Distance}}}.
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The remaining cost, the marginal external cost, consists of three components: I. System externalities, which is the expected accident cost to the rest of the society (c) when the user exposes himself to risk (r) by entering into the traffic flow and includes mainly medical and hospital costs. .
For instance, accidents are by far the largest component of marginal external costs, and there is no reason to believe that EVs are less prone to accidents compared to their conventional counterparts.
Small ships that unload few containers are far from reaping economies of density, leading to high marginal time requirements for container handling and consequently high marginal external costs.
This would allow all transportation fuels to compete on a level playing field, where carbon is taxed at its marginal external cost, which is a comprehensive policy solution.
In terms of imperfect correspondences for externality-generating public services, varying matching formulas across "local" governments on the basis of marginal external benefit or harm may be unconstitutional.
Figure 3 indicates clearly the substantial impact of the marginal external costs on top of the marginal private costs.
The optimal congestion tax is the marginal external cost at the point where the marginal social cost is equal to the marginal social benefit (Button 1993).
So, a substantial increase in marginal external cost of CO2 emissions can be expected.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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