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The most common method is to have scheduled arrival and waiting times at stations, with margins for adjustment along the route and also at terminals.
Such data can also be quite volatile, to the extent that casual employees represent a margin of adjustment for employers (ibid).
The empirical analysis will further investigate this issue, but the summary statistics shown in Table 8 indicate that flexible wage components indeed represent an important margin of adjustment for our sample of European firms: almost 10% chose it as the "most important" cost-cutting option during the recent economic crisis.
Figure 6 shows these cyclical behaviours of these margins of adjustment for Germany, the United States, and Spain.
Meanwhile, equivalent shocks to labor demand for women lead to smaller inflows of migrant workers, and labor force participation is a relatively more important margin of adjustment in this case.
Exit from the labor force could be another margin of adjustment.
Not surprisingly, firms with a higher fraction of bonuses on total pay in 2007 were more likely to use this margin of adjustment during the 2009 crisis: the estimated probability of cutting flexible pay as the main adjustment strategy is 21.3% for a high-bonus firm, compared with 13.7% in the baseline.
We want a 50% profit margin (to allow room for adjustments as needed) and so will double operating expenses to project revenue.
Note that the two margins of adjustment are interrelated.
Changes in bonuses and non-wage benefits are two such margins of adjustment.
"We are open for adjustments".
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com