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Both radiofrequency ablation and transcatheter cryoablation are offered; surgical mapping and intraoperative cryoablation are also available for patients with congenital heart disease.
We evaluated the reliability and usefulness of preoperative brain functional mapping and intraoperative brain monitoring in surgery of the brain tumor located around the sensorimotor region.
Currently, the search for SLN is performed either by use of blue dye injection into tumors resulting in the coloring of the draining nodes, or by injection of technetium-99m-labeled nanocolloid and localization of nodes by combining preoperative lymphatic mapping and intraoperative gamma probe detection [21].
Especially when affecting or neighboring the motor cortex, GTR is still a neurosurgical quest requiring a multimodal approach of preoperative mapping and intraoperative mapping and monitoring.
All authors are strongly involved in the treatment of brain tumors including awake surgery, preoperative mapping, and intraoperative neuromonitoring in a specialized neurooncological center.
A future study could incorporate both high-density epicardial sock mapping and intraoperative 3D TOE to fully interrogate the acute electromechanical effects of alternate site RV pacing intraoperatively.
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Moreover, reoperative and intraoperative mapping of RLN is also important during treatment, because only a few lymph nodes can be detected by the naked eye.
For 28 patients in which lymphoscintigraphy was negative and intraoperative mapping was unsuccessful, complete axillary node dissection was performed, and 13 (46%) of these patients were found to have metastatic disease in the basin.
To analyze concordance between preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative lymphatic mapping (ILM) for sentinel lymph node identification using technetium 99m-labeled-dextran 500 (99m-Tc) and patent blue dye in patients with early cervical cancer undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, as well as to evaluate sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection.
However, pre and intraoperative brain mapping, intraoperative neuromonitoring (IOM), and awake surgery increase safety, which allows resection of most of these tumors with a considerably low rate of postoperatively new deficits.
All data, including pre and intraoperative brain mapping and monitoring (IOM) by motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were reviewed and related to the postoperative outcome.
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