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However, because many virulent isolates lacking these factors have also been isolated from clinical cases in Canada (6 ), they cannot be used as virulence markers in North America.
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Not surprising, many virulence candidates appear to be part of the A. baumannii core genome of virulent isolates but were often found to be insertionally disrupted in the avirulent A. baumannii strain SDF.
Both knockout and knockdown of APIP12 caused enhanced susceptibility of rice plants to virulent isolates of M. oryzae.
A previous study identified that several Neospora caninum tachyzoite proteins were more abundant in virulent isolates, Nc-Liv and Nc-Spain7, compared with the low-virulent isolate Nc-Spain1H.
AR 30 was present only in the intermediately virulent isolates.
In this study, pezAT was present only in the highly virulent isolates and not in either the intermediately virulent or non-invasive isolates (Table 2).
In particular, the Chinese strains consisted of 23 extremely virulent isolates from both SS2 outbreaks in China, 5 avirulent isolates, and 2 less virulent strains.
PPI-1v in D391 was also representative of that present in the intermediately virulent isolates.
Only fresh, virulent isolates are thought to express this protein [25].
In general, virulent isolates have a longer egg-laying period and produce more eggs than avirulent isolates [13].
The human virulence status of non-invasive, intermediately virulent and highly virulent serotype 1 isolates was reflected in mice and showed that whilst both human non-invasive and highly virulent isolates were able to colonize the murine nasopharynx equally, only the human highly virulent isolates were able to invade and survive in the murine lungs and blood.
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