Sentence examples for many trophic levels from inspiring English sources

Because anacondas straddle so many trophic levels in a single lifetime, the snakes are especially vulnerable to biomagnification of contaminants like mercury, meaning anacondas are probably absorbing the cumulative mercury from many lower levels of the food chain.

Yet a different set of questions in community ecology involves how many trophic levels there are in a particular place and what factors limit that number.

While food webs are not bipartite since they include taxa at many trophic levels and interactions can occur between animals, an obvious subset of a food web, the primary producers and their consumers, form a natural counterpart to the mutualistic plant-animal networks, one in which the interactions are primarily antagonistic.

Parasitic insects typically inflict heavy mortality on herbivore populations [ 9, 10], and the specialized host use of both insect herbivores and parasitoids leads to the intriguing possibility that these hyperdiverse interaction networks are created "from within", that is, by diversifying effects that are transmitted or even amplified through many trophic levels.

This paper presents a thorough description of the model itself, as well as an ensemble-based parameterization process that allows the model to incorporate the high level of uncertainty associated with many upper trophic level predator-prey processes.

Tilapia may also prey on the eggs of many higher trophic level species, such as centrarchid fish, and adult tilapia may be more competitive with larger consumers all of which could further exacerbate their impacts on native ecosystems and food webs (although this is as yet undocumented in the scientific literature).

Forage fish, including Pacific herring, have fundamental importance to marine socio-ecological systems, including supporting many upper trophic level marine populations and the human fisheries that directly and indirectly target them.

The non-targeted and in-depth approach resulted in a dataset, which enabled a broad and holistic view onto a community and covered many of the trophic levels present.

Copepods, small planktonic crustaceans, are key links between primary producers and upper trophic levels, including many economically important fishes.

These categories are not strictly defined, as many organisms feed on several trophic levels; for example, some carnivores also consume plant materials or carrion and are called omnivores, and some herbivores occasionally consume animal matter.

Even the most complex of these classes of models must make critical approximations, often greatly simplifying the physiological response of phytoplankton to limiting resources, viral and parasitic loss, competitive interactions within trophic levels, and neglecting many of the higher trophic levels and food web interactions entirely.