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While the in vivo DNA binding landscape and in vitro DNA binding affinities of many such proteins have been characterized, our understanding of the forces that determine where, when, and the extent to which these transcription factors bind DNA in cells remains primitive.
The fact that there are many such proteins and that they bind only in specific combinations ensures that cargo is delivered to a precise location; the same principle operates inside the cell and when a vesicle binds to the cell's outer membrane to release its contents.
It turns out that in many such proteins which were characterized as membrane bound/extracellular, the actual cleavage site is present in the cytoplasmic region which is less likely to be cleaved by matriptase.
Just how many such proteins are there?
Many such proteins have been detected by proteomics analysis of fractions representing different domains of the ER.
Since cancer cells are non-functional, it was not expected that many such proteins would be found.
Similar(48)
The ubiquitin-regulated protein degradation pathways mediate the turnover of many such damaged proteins, and ubiquitin expression is increased in response to heat and oxidative stress and during aging in various mammalian and Drosophila tissues [ 37, 38].
Intriguingly, Phytophthora species also secrete effector proteins that are important in modulating host defence and cell death mechanisms and many such effector proteins contain the internal sequence motif RxLR, similar to the Plasmodium PEXEL motif [ 8, 47, 48].
This is just one of many such 'sunlighting' proteins, which, were they to be discovered today, would be classed as moonlighting.
Our methodology is able to find many such "hidden" proteins by identifying sets of their likely downstream targets and assessing enrichment of such sets by differentially expressed genes or proteins.
We expect to see the identification of many such interacting proteins in the immediate future, and many of these binding events will undoubtedly have effects on the cellular physiology of the protein.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com