Gene expression profiling of breast tumours has led to the identification of up to ten subtypes in humans (Curtis et al., 2012; The Cancer Genome Atlas Network, 2012; Lehmann et al., 2011; Perou et al., 2000; Sørlie et al., 2001) and many subtypes in transgenic mouse models of breast cancer (Herschkowitz et al., 2007; Pfefferle et al., 2013).
HCV is classified into six major genotypes and many subtypes, varying in geographical distribution, transmission route and treatment response [1], [8], [9].
All known subtypes (HxNy) are found in birds, but many subtypes are endemic in humans, dogs, horses, and pigs; populations of camels, ferrets, cats, seals, mink, and whales also show evidence of prior infection or exposure to influenza.
In many subtypes, restriction activity is present in one enzyme molecule, whereas modification activity is present on the other.
How many subtypes are there in all?
The International Prognostic Index (IPI) has prognostic value in many subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, but its value in ENKTL remains controversial (Chim et al, 2004).
The stamp of chromothripsis can be seen in at least 2%3%% of all cancers, across many subtypes, and is present in ∼25% of bone cancers.
Although multimodality treatment can induce high rate of remission in many subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), significant proportions of patients relapse with incurable disease.
Cancer is a complex disease, with many subtypes, affecting various tissues in diverse ways, thus giving rise to an abundance of chemotherapies.
Despite the fact that multimodality treatment, including combination chemotherapy, radiation, and target-specific monoclonal antibodies, such as rituximab, can induce high rate of remission in many subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), significant proportions of patients relapse with incurable disease.
The role of HA as a fusion protein and the associated large-scale conformational changes may help to account for the slightly higher predicted disorder rates observed for HA in many subtypes (see Table 5).
